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PASSAGE1

Bythemid-neenthcentury,theterm"icebox"hadenteredtheAmericanlanguage,buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensintheUnitedStates.Theicetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,taverns,andhospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutter.AftertheCivilWar(1861-1865),asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880,halftheicesoldinNewYork,Philadelphia,andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,wenttofamiliesfortheirownuse.Thishadbepossiblebecauseanewhouseholdconvenience,theicebox,aprecursorofthemodernrefrigerator,hadbeeninvented.

Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlyneenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.Themonsensenotionthatthebesticeboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendoftheneenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.

Butasearlyas1803,aningeniousMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,hadbeenontherighttrack.HeownedafarmabouttwentymilesoutsidethecityofWashington,forwhichthevillageofGeorgetownwasthemarketcenter.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotransporthisbuttertomarket,hefoundthatcustomerswouldpassuptherapidlymeltingstuffinthetubsofhispetitorstopayapremiumpriceforhisbutter,stillfreshandhardinneat,one-poundbricks.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,wasthatfarmerswouldnolongerhavetotraveltomarketatnightinordertokeeptheirproducecool.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theinfluenceoficeonthediet

(B)Thedevelopmentofrefrigeration

(C)Thetransportationofgoodstomarket

(D)Sourcesoficeintheneenthcentury

2.Accordingtothepassage,whendidtheword"icebox"bepartofthelanguageoftheUnitedStates?(

A)in1803

(B)sometimebefore1850(

C)duringthecivilwar

(D)neartheendoftheneenthcentury

3.Thephrase"forward-looking"inline4isclosestinmeaningto

(A)progressive

(B)popular

(C)thrifty

(D)well-established

4.Theauthormentionsfishinline4because

(A)manyfishdealersalsosoldice

(B)fishwasshippedinrefrigeratedfreightcars

(C)fishdealerswereamongtheearlymercialusersofice

(D)fishwasnotpartoftheordinaryperson'sdietbeforetheinventionoftheicebox

5.Theword"it"inline5refersto

(A)freshmeat

(B)theCivilWar

(C)ice

(D)arefrigerator

6.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanobstacletothedevelopmentoftheicebox?

(A)Competitionamongtheownersofrefrigeratedfreightcars

(B)Thelackofaworkforthedistributionofice

(C)Theuseofinsufficientinsulation

(D)Inadequateunderstandingofphysics

7.Theword"rudimentary"inline12isclosestinmeaningto

(A)growing

(B)undeveloped

(C)necessary

(D)uninteresting

8.Accordingtotheinformationinthesecondparagraph,anidealiceboxwould

(A)pletelypreventicefrommelting

(B)stopairfromcirculating

(C)allowicetomeltslowly

(D)useblanketstoconserveice

9.TheauthordescribesThomasMooreashavingbeen"ontherighttrack"(lines18-19)toindicatethat

(A)theroadtothemarketpassedclosetoMoore'sfarm

(B)Moorewasanhonestmerchant

(C)Moorewasaprosperousfarmer

(D)Moore'sdesignwasfairlysuccessful

10.Accordingtothepassage,Moore'siceboxallowedhimto

(A)chargemoreforhisbutter(B)traveltomarketatnight

(C)manufacturebuttermorequickly(D)produceiceallyearround

11.The"produce"mentionedinline25couldinclude

(A)iceboxes(B)butter(C)ice(D)markets

PASSAGE2

ThegeologyoftheEarth'ssurfaceisdominatedbytheparticularpropertiesofwater.PresentonEarthinsolid,liquid,andgaseousstates,waterisexceptionallyreactive.Itdissolves,transports,andprecipitatesmanychemicalpoundsandisconstantlymodifyingthefaceoftheEarth.Evaporatedfromtheoceans,watervaporformsclouds,someofwhicharetransportedbywind

overthecontinents.Condensationfromthecloudsprovidestheessentialagentofcontinentalerosion:rain.Precipitatedontotheground,thewatertricklesdowntoformbrooks,streams,and

rivers,constitutingwhatarecalledthehydrographicwork.Thisimmensepolarizedworkchannelsthewatertowardasinglereceptacle:anocean.Gravitydominatesthisentirestepinthecyclebecausewatertendstominimizeitspotentialenergybyrunningfromhighaltitudestowardthereferencepoint,thatis,sealevel.

Therateatwhichamoleculeofwaterpassesthoughthecycleisnotrandombutisameasureoftherelativesizeofthevariousreservoirs.Ifwedefineresidencetimeastheaveragetimeforawatermoleculetopassthroughoneofthethreereservoirs—atmosphere,continent,andocean—weseethatthetimesareverydifferent.Awatermoleculestays,onaverage,elevendaysintheatmosphere,onehundredyearsonacontinentandfortythousandyearsintheocean.Thislastfigureshowsthe

importanceoftheoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrospherebutalsotherapidityofwatertransportonthecontinents.

Avastchemicalseparationprocesstakesplacesduringtheflowofwateroverthecontinents.Solubleionssuchascalcium,sodium,potassium,

andsomemagnesiumaredissolvedandtransported.Insolubleionssuchasaluminum,iron,andsiliconstaywheretheyareandformthethin,fertileskinofsoilonwhichvegetationcangrow.Sometimessoilsaredestroyedandtransportedmechanicallyduringflooding.Theerosionofthecontinentsthusresultsfromtwocloselylinkedandinterdependentprocesses,chemicalerosionandmechanicalerosion.Theirrespectiveinteractionsandefficiencydependondifferentfactors.1.Theword"modifying"inline4isclosestinmeaningto(A)changing(B)traveling(C)describing(D)destroying

2.Theword"which"inline5refersto

(A)clouds(B)oceans

(C)continents(D)pounds

3.Accordingtothepassage,cloudsareprimarilyformedbywater

(A)precipitatingontotheground

(B)changingfromasolidtoaliquidstate

(C)evaporatingfromtheoceans

(D)beingcarriedbywind

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatthepurposeofthe"hydrographicwork"(line8)isto

(A)determinethesizeofmoleculesofwater

(B)preventsoilerosioncausedbyflooding

(C)movewaterfromtheEarth'ssurfacetotheoceans

(D)regulatetherateofwaterflowfromstreamsandrivers

5.Whatdeterminestherateatwhichamoleculeofwatermovesthroughthecycle,asdiscussedinthethirdparagraph?

(A)Thepotentialenergycontainedinwater

(B)Theeffectsofatmosphericpressureonchemicalpounds

(C)Theamountsofrainfallthatfallonthecontinents

(D)Therelativesizeofthewaterstorageareas

6.Theword"rapidity"inline19isclosestinmeaningto

(A)significance(B)method(C)swiftness(D)reliability

7.Theword"they"inline24refersto

(A)insolubleions(B)solubleions(C)soils(D)continents

8.AllofthefollowingareexampleofsolubleionsEXCEPT

(A)magnesium(B)iron

(C)potassium(D)calcium

9.Theword"efficiency"inline27isclosestinmeaningto

(A)relationship(B)growth(C)influence(D)effectiveness

答案：PASSAGE1BBACCDBCDABPASSAGE2AACCDCABD

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