很多雅思考生為了提高雅思閱讀分?jǐn)?shù),通常在備考期間會刷很多閱讀題目,幾乎是到達(dá)了“逢題必刷”的境界。但也有不少考生反饋這種備考方式的成效并不是十分理想。在此小編需要提醒各位題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)的關(guān)鍵是試題資料本身,建議考生們?nèi)粘６喽嗑毩?xí)一下劍橋雅思真題。下面為大家?guī)韯?test2passage3譯文解析,希望能夠幫助到大家!

 劍9test2passage3譯文解析

 A Neuroscientist Reveals How to Think Differently

 神經(jīng)科學(xué)家解密創(chuàng)新思考

 In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific parts of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain's secrets to success in an economic environment that demandsinnovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclasticone. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can't be done.

 在過去十年里,科學(xué)家對大腦的認(rèn)識方式發(fā)生了一場變革?，F(xiàn)在我們知道人們所做的決定源自大腦特定部分的神經(jīng)元的放電模式。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致了神經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的出現(xiàn),神經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的是經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境下大腦成功的秘訣,而這就需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新,需要不走競爭者走過的尋常路。能做到這些的人可以謂之傳統(tǒng)叛逆者。簡而言之,傳統(tǒng)叛逆者做的是別人認(rèn)為不可為而他卻能有所作為的事情。

 This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.

 該定義說明傳統(tǒng)叛逆者與眾不同,更確切地說,是他們的大腦異于常人,表現(xiàn)在以下三個(gè)方面:認(rèn)知力、恐懼反應(yīng)力以及社交能力。這三個(gè)功能在大腦中各有一條不同的回路。反對者可能會認(rèn)為大腦與此無關(guān),他們覺得原創(chuàng)性及革命性的思維方式與其說是大腦的功能,還不如說是一種個(gè)性的體現(xiàn)。但是,神經(jīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的誕生正是基于這樣一個(gè)新的發(fā)現(xiàn),那就是大腦的生理功能實(shí)際上會制約我們的判斷力。通過理解這些制約條件,我們就會明白為什么有些人愛唱反調(diào)。

 The first thing to realize is that the brain suffers from limited resources. It has a fixed energy budget, about the same as a 40 watt light bulb, so it has evolved to work as efficiently as possible. This is where most people are impeded from being an iconoclast. For example, when confronted with information streaming from the eyes, the brain will interpret this information in the quickest way possible. Thus it will draw on both past experience and any other source of information, such as what other people say, to make sense of what it is seeing. This happens all the time. The brain takes shortcuts that work so well we are hardly ever aware of them. We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they are only biological and electrical rumblings. Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical reality of photons or sound waves,perception is a product of the brain.

 首先要明白的一點(diǎn)是,大腦受制于有限的資源。它有固定的能量預(yù)算值,相當(dāng)于一個(gè) 40 瓦燈泡的能量,因此大腦就進(jìn)化出了一種盡可能高效的工作方式,這也就是大多數(shù)人之所以不愛唱反調(diào)的原因。比如,面對眼前源源不斷輸入的信息時(shí),大腦會盡可能以最便捷的方式解讀這些信息。為此,大腦會借鑒過往經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及其他任何信息來源,比如別人所說的話,來解讀眼睛所看到的信息。這種過程無處不在。大腦如此善于走捷徑以至于我們對此毫不知情。我們以為我們對世界的感知是真實(shí)的,但其實(shí)這種感知只不過是 身體和電流對我們?nèi)龅男≈e。認(rèn)知不只是我們的眼睛與耳朵傳給大腦的信息。認(rèn)知是大腦的產(chǎn)物,而不只是物理現(xiàn)實(shí)中光子或聲波的產(chǎn)物。

 Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see things differently to other people. Their brains do not fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average personas brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were born that way or through learning, have found ways to work around theperceptual shortcuts that plague most people.Perception is not something that is hardwired into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces the fundamental problem of interpreting physical stimuli from the senses.Everything the brain sees, hears, or touches has multiple Interpretations. The one that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain's best theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have their basis in the statistical likelihood of one interpretation over another and are heavily influenced by past experience and, importantly forpotential iconoclasts, what other people say.

 認(rèn)知是反傳統(tǒng)論的核心。傳統(tǒng)叛逆者與別人看問題的方法大相徑庭,他們的大腦不像普通人的大腦那樣容易掉進(jìn)高效思維的陷阱。要么天生如此,要么后天習(xí)得,總之傳統(tǒng)叛逆者總有方法繞過那些困擾大多數(shù)人的認(rèn)知捷徑。認(rèn)知不是天生的。認(rèn)知是個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)過程,是個(gè)既讓人受盡折磨的毒咒,又讓人洗心革面的良機(jī)。大腦面臨著一個(gè)基本問題,那就是如何解讀從感官傳來的物理刺激。大腦所見、所聞、所感,皆可以有多重解讀,而最終獲選的解釋只不過是大腦自認(rèn)為的最佳理論。從技術(shù)層次而言,這些解讀是有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)依據(jù)的,因?yàn)榻y(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)說明一種解釋優(yōu)于另一種解釋,與此同時(shí),這些解讀又受過往經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及他人觀點(diǎn)的嚴(yán)重影響,最后這點(diǎn)對于潛在的傳統(tǒng)叛逆者來講尤為致命。

 The best way to see things differently to other people is tobombard the brain with things it has never encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual process from the chains of past experience and forces the brain to make new judgments. Successful iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of iconoclasts shows that theyembrace novelty while most people avoid things that are different.

 要想思維方式與眾不同,最佳做法就是往大腦里塞其聞所未聞的東西。新鮮事物使認(rèn)知過程擺脫了過往經(jīng)歷的束縛,同時(shí)強(qiáng)迫大腦作出新的判斷。成功的傳統(tǒng)叛逆者非常樂意接受新鮮事物。觀察表明,傳統(tǒng)叛逆者對新鮮事物持欣然接受的態(tài)度,而大多數(shù)普通人則唯恐避之不及。

 The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to trigger the brain's fear system. Fear is a majorimpediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the average person in his tracks. There are many types of fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of uncertainty and fear of public r/d/cu/e.These may seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking, which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one-third of the population. This makes it too common to be considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not let inhibit their reactions.

 然而,新鮮事物的缺點(diǎn)是它會觸發(fā)大腦的恐懼系統(tǒng)?？謶质亲柚谷藗兿駛鹘y(tǒng)叛逆者那樣思考的主要障礙,它使普通人在創(chuàng)新思考的道路上躊躇不前?？謶钟泻芏喾N,但是有兩種恐懼阻止了創(chuàng)新思維,而且讓大多數(shù)人頗感棘手,那就是對不確定性的恐懼以及對淪為笑柄的擔(dān)憂。這兩種恐懼看似都無關(guān)緊要,但是,對公開演講的恐懼則折磨著超過三分之一的人。因?yàn)槿藭r(shí)不時(shí)就要講一講,所以這種恐懼太常見了,很難被視為一種精神疾病。這往往被看做一種精神障礙。它只不過是人性反復(fù)無常的一種體現(xiàn)而已,傳統(tǒng) 叛逆者們帶著這種恐懼也會在眾人面前發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)。

 Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must sell their ideas to other people. This is where social intelligence comes in. Social intelligence is the ability to understand and manage people in a business setting. In the last decade there has been an explosion of knowledge about the social brain and how the brain works when groups coordinate decision making. Neuroscience has revealed which brain circuits are responsible for functions like understanding what other people think, empathy, fairness, and social identity. These brain regions play key roles in whether people convince others of their ideas.Perception is important in social cognition too. Theperception of someone's enthusiasm, or reputation, can make or break a deal.Understanding how perceptionbecomes intertwined with social decision making shows why successful iconoclasts are so rare.

 最后一點(diǎn),想要成功變成傳統(tǒng)叛逆者,必須把自己的想法推銷給別人,這就該社交能力登場了。社交能力是在商業(yè)環(huán)境中了解與管理人的能力。在過去的十年里,人們對社會型大腦的認(rèn)知突飛猛進(jìn),對這種 大腦在團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作共同決策時(shí)所起的作用也了如指掌。神經(jīng)科學(xué)已經(jīng)揭示出是哪些大腦回路在幫我們洞悉他人想法、與他人產(chǎn)生共鳴、做到公平公正以及辨別社會身份。在說服別人采納己見方面,這些大腦回路可謂功不可沒。感知在社會認(rèn)知中也舉足輕重。對一個(gè)人的熱情或名譽(yù)的認(rèn)知是生意成功與否的關(guān)鍵。若能了解認(rèn)知與社會決策千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系,便能明白為何成功的傳統(tǒng)叛逆者稀世難求。

 Iconoclasts create new opportunities in every area from artistic expression to technology to business. They supply creativity and innovation not easily accomplished by committees. Rules aren't important to them. Iconoclasts face alienation and failure, but can also be a major asset to any organization. It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works.

 傳統(tǒng)叛逆者縱橫藝術(shù)舞臺、技術(shù)尖端及商業(yè)高峰,在每個(gè)領(lǐng)域都創(chuàng)造嶄新機(jī)會,他們貢獻(xiàn)出的創(chuàng)造力和革命力,一隊(duì)人也望塵莫及。他們視規(guī)則如草芥。雖然時(shí)常被人疏遠(yuǎn)并且遭遇失敗,可他們?nèi)匀皇菆F(tuán)隊(duì)頂梁柱。無論在任何領(lǐng)域,若想成功,必先了解傳統(tǒng)叛逆者大腦工作的奧秘。

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 廣州雅思英語學(xué)校成立于1999年,現(xiàn)任校長是有中國雅思“教父”之稱的中國社會科學(xué)院博士、中國雅思教育開拓者,資深留學(xué)教育專家萬昌明博士。廣州雅思英語學(xué)校是國內(nèi)最早的專業(yè)雅思學(xué)校之一,也是英語IELTS考試中文“雅思”命名的首創(chuàng)者之一。十九年來, 廣州雅思英語學(xué)校秉承“教育以學(xué)生為本,以質(zhì)量為先”辦學(xué)宗旨,堅(jiān)持“知識、激情、勵(lì)志”的教學(xué)理念,發(fā)展成為華南乃至中國最大的雅思學(xué)校之一。