淺談新托福閱讀的修辭目的題

朗閣海外考試研究中心

修辭目的題（RhetoricalPurposeQuestions），為新托福必考題型，每篇文章考0-2題。朗閣海外考試研究中心分析認為，它主要考查考生們理解作者為什么在文章中某個特別位置或者以某種特殊的方式陳述一個特別的信息。

1）有時要求學生確定一個段落與另一個段落之間的聯(lián)系

2）有時考查作者提到某一條特別信息的原因（句子之間的聯(lián)系）

注意：此類題目不考查整篇文章的結構，只考淺談新托福閱讀的修辭目的題

朗閣海外考試研究中心

修辭目的題（RhetoricalPurposeQuestions），為新托福必考題型，每篇文章考0-2題。朗閣海外考試研究中心分析認為，它主要考查考生們理解作者為什么在文章中某個特別位置或者以某種特殊的方式陳述一個特別的信息。

1）有時要求學生確定一個段落與另一個段落之間的聯(lián)系

2）有時考查作者提到某一條特別信息的原因（句子之間的聯(lián)系）

注意：此類題目不考查整篇文章的結構，只考查句子或段落之間的邏輯關系。

問題形式

TheauthordiscussesXinparagraph2inorderto…

WhydoestheauthormentionX?

TheauthorusesXasanexampleof…

答題技巧

修辭目的題一般可分為以下幾類：

一、例子題

例子題一般占修辭目的題出題機會的70%,題干中出現(xiàn)的X本身是段落中出現(xiàn)的一個例子，這類題是送分題，因為要么是先舉例子后總結/概述（理論），要么是先概述（理論）后舉例子，所以答案多半是繞過例子看概述，而概述的改寫就是本題答案的所在，也就是說哪個選項的內(nèi)容和概述的內(nèi)容一致就是答案。因此考生也可以用排除法選答案。

如：OGTitle:ARTISANSANDINDUSTRIALIZATION

Paragraph4

The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell——just as though we are so many living machines.” With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community…

4.Inparagraph4,theauthorincludesthequotationfromamillworkerinorderto

○supporttheideathatitwasdifficultforworkerstoadjusttoworkinginfactories

○toshowthatworkerssometimesquitbecauseoftheloudnoisemadebyfactorymachinery

○arguethatclocksdidnothaveausefulfunctioninfactories

○emphasizethatfactoriesweremostsuccessfulwhenworkersrevealedtheirplaints

分析：此題中我們根據(jù)millworker定位，能定位到原文對應內(nèi)容為Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitplainedrevealinglyabout“obediencetotheding-dongofthebell——justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines”,繞過例子讀理論，理論“Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.”在例子前面，根據(jù)此理論，我們即可以選出正確答案為第一個選項。

如：OGTitle:AGGRESSION

Paragraph5

The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including … The Freudian perspective, in a sense, see us as “steam engines.” By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways…

7.Freuddescribespeopleassteamenginesinordertomakethepointthatpeople

○deliberatelybuilduptheiraggressiontomakethemselvesstronger

○usuallyreleaseaggressioninexplosiveways

○mustventtheiraggressiontopreventitfrombuildingup

○typicallylosetheiraggressioniftheydonotexpressit.

分析：此題中，我們根據(jù)Freud和steamengines定位，原文對應內(nèi)容為TheFreudianperspective,inasense,seeusas“steamengines.”繞過此例子，定位理論，原文中理論“Byholdinginratherthanventing“steam,”wesetthestageforfutureexplosions.”在例子之后，根據(jù)此例子，我們可以確定答案為第三個選項。

如：OGTitle:EARLYCINEMA

Paragraph2

These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The kinetoscopes functioned in a similar way…

2.Theauthordiscussesphonographparlorsinparagraph2inorderto

○explainEdison’sfinancialsuccess

○describethemodelusedtodesignKoscopeparlors

○contrasttheirpopularitytothatofKoscopeparlors

○illustratehowmuchmoretechnologicallyadvancedKoscopeparlorswere

分析：此題中，我們根據(jù)phonographparlors定位，原文對應內(nèi)容為TheseKoscopearcadesweremodeledonphonographparlors,whichhadprovensuccessfulforEdisonseveralyearsearlier.Inthephonographparlors,customerslistenedtorecordingsthroughindividualeartubes,movingfromonemachinetothenexttoheardifferentrecordedspeechesorpiecesofmusic.繞過此例子，定位理論，原文中理論“Thekoscopesfunctionedinasimilarway…”在例子之后，根據(jù)此例子，我們可以確定答案為第二個選項。

二、邏輯關系詞或者態(tài)度類詞匯的題

在段落中，將某一個邏輯關系詞X劃出，題干中whydoestheauthormentionX?

朗閣海外考試研究中心分析認為，這種題目的解法主要是關注邏輯關系詞或態(tài)度類詞所表達的含義，如：

轉折關系：however,but,although,instead,ratherthan等

因果關系：because,resultin,resultfrom,consequently,asaresult等

遞進關系：furthermore,also,moreover等

態(tài)度類詞匯：happy,worried,panic,luckily,fortunately,unfortunately,impatient,curious,anxious,ridiculous,hopeless等

如：

Unfortunately, Hubble telescope was initially delayed in relaying its first pictures back from space due to a simple mathematical miscalculation.

Whydoestheauthorbeginparagraph4withunfortunately?

○ItindicatesthatNASAhasbeenunhappywithallofHubble’sphotograph.

○ItshowsthatNASA’splantousestarstoorienttheHubbletelescopewasmisguided.

○Itemphasizestheneedtohavetelescopesontheearth.

○Itindicatesthathighexpectationwerenotinitiallymet.

分析：此題即考查態(tài)度類詞Unfortunately所表達的含義。結合原文內(nèi)容中的“initiallydelayedin”,說明作者用Unfortunately一詞是為了表達對Hubbletelescope最初使用時并未成功的遺憾，因此我們可以確定答案即為第四個選項。

如：OGTitle:THEORIGINSOFCETACEANS

Paragraph5

An even exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans (“the walking whale that swam”) lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good proportion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly both functional both on land and at sea.

9.WhydoestheauthorusethewordluckilyinmentioningthattheAmbulocetusnatansfossilsincludedhindlegs?

○Fossillegsofearlywhalesareararefind.

○Thelegsprovidedimportantinformationabouttheevolutionofcetaceans.

○Thediscoveryallowedscientiststoreconstructapleteskeletonofthewhale.

○Untilthattime,onlythefrontlegsofearlywhaleshadbeendiscovered.

分析：此題即考查態(tài)度類詞luckily所表達的含義。結合原文內(nèi)容中的“agoodproportionofthehindlegs”以及“Thelegswerestrongandendedinlongfeetverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainlybothfunctionalbothonlandandatsea”,說明作者用luckily一詞是為了表達對fossil包含了較好比例的后腿的欣喜，而此后腿又提供了很多信息，因此我們可以確定答案即為第二個選項。

查句子或段落之間的邏輯關系。

問題形式

TheauthordiscussesXinparagraph2inorderto…

WhydoestheauthormentionX?

TheauthorusesXasanexampleof…

答題技巧

修辭目的題一般可分為以下幾類：

一、例子題

例子題一般占修辭目的題出題機會的70%,題干中出現(xiàn)的X本身是段落中出現(xiàn)的一個例子，這類題是送分題，因為要么是先舉例子后總結/概述（理論），要么是先概述（理論）后舉例子，所以答案多半是繞過例子看概述，而概述的改寫就是本題答案的所在，也就是說哪個選項的內(nèi)容和概述的內(nèi)容一致就是答案。因此考生也可以用排除法選答案。

如：OGTitle:ARTISANSANDINDUSTRIALIZATION

Paragraph4

The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience to the ding-dong of the bell——just as though we are so many living machines.” With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community…

4.Inparagraph4,theauthorincludesthequotationfromamillworkerinorderto

○supporttheideathatitwasdifficultforworkerstoadjusttoworkinginfactories

○toshowthatworkerssometimesquitbecauseoftheloudnoisemadebyfactorymachinery

○arguethatclocksdidnothaveausefulfunctioninfactories

○emphasizethatfactoriesweremostsuccessfulwhenworkersrevealedtheirplaints

分析：此題中我們根據(jù)millworker定位，能定位到原文對應內(nèi)容為Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitplainedrevealinglyabout“obediencetotheding-dongofthebell——justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines”,繞過例子讀理論，理論“Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.”在例子前面，根據(jù)此理論，我們即可以選出正確答案為第一個選項。

如：OGTitle:AGGRESSION

Paragraph5

The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including … The Freudian perspective, in a sense, see us as “steam engines.” By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways…

7.Freuddescribespeopleassteamenginesinordertomakethepointthatpeople

○deliberatelybuilduptheiraggressiontomakethemselvesstronger

○usuallyreleaseaggressioninexplosiveways

○mustventtheiraggressiontopreventitfrombuildingup

○typicallylosetheiraggressioniftheydonotexpressit.

分析：此題中，我們根據(jù)Freud和steamengines定位，原文對應內(nèi)容為TheFreudianperspective,inasense,seeusas“steamengines.”繞過此例子，定位理論，原文中理論“Byholdinginratherthanventing“steam,”wesetthestageforfutureexplosions.”在例子之后，根據(jù)此例子，我們可以確定答案為第三個選項。

如：OGTitle:EARLYCINEMA

Paragraph2

These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on phonograph parlors, which had proven successful for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph parlors, customers listened to recordings through individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to the next to hear different recorded speeches or pieces of music. The kinetoscopes functioned in a similar way…

2.Theauthordiscussesphonographparlorsinparagraph2inorderto

○explainEdison’sfinancialsuccess

○describethemodelusedtodesignKoscopeparlors

○contrasttheirpopularitytothatofKoscopeparlors

○illustratehowmuchmoretechnologicallyadvancedKoscopeparlorswere

分析：此題中，我們根據(jù)phonographparlors定位，原文對應內(nèi)容為TheseKoscopearcadesweremodeledonphonographparlors,whichhadprovensuccessfulforEdisonseveralyearsearlier.Inthephonographparlors,customerslistenedtorecordingsthroughindividualeartubes,movingfromonemachinetothenexttoheardifferentrecordedspeechesorpiecesofmusic.繞過此例子，定位理論，原文中理論“Thekoscopesfunctionedinasimilarway…”在例子之后，根據(jù)此例子，我們可以確定答案為第二個選項。

二、邏輯關系詞或者態(tài)度類詞匯的題

在段落中，將某一個邏輯關系詞X劃出，題干中whydoestheauthormentionX?

朗閣海外考試研究中心分析認為，這種題目的解法主要是關注邏輯關系詞或態(tài)度類詞所表達的含義，如：

轉折關系：however,but,although,instead,ratherthan等

因果關系：because,resultin,resultfrom,consequently,asaresult等

遞進關系：furthermore,also,moreover等

態(tài)度類詞匯：happy,worried,panic,luckily,fortunately,unfortunately,impatient,curious,anxious,ridiculous,hopeless等

如：

Unfortunately, Hubble telescope was initially delayed in relaying its first pictures back from space due to a simple mathematical miscalculation.

Whydoestheauthorbeginparagraph4withunfortunately?

○ItindicatesthatNASAhasbeenunhappywithallofHubble’sphotograph.

○ItshowsthatNASA’splantousestarstoorienttheHubbletelescopewasmisguided.

○Itemphasizestheneedtohavetelescopesontheearth.

○Itindicatesthathighexpectationwerenotinitiallymet.

分析：此題即考查態(tài)度類詞Unfortunately所表達的含義。結合原文內(nèi)容中的“initiallydelayedin”,說明作者用Unfortunately一詞是為了表達對Hubbletelescope最初使用時并未成功的遺憾，因此我們可以確定答案即為第四個選項。

如：OGTitle:THEORIGINSOFCETACEANS

Paragraph5

An even exciting find was reported in 1994, also from Pakistan. The now extinct whale Ambulocetus natans (“the walking whale that swam”) lived in the Tethys Sea 49 million years ago. It lived around 3 million years after Pakicetus but 9 million before Basilosaurus. The fossil luckily includes a good proportion of the hind legs. The legs were strong and ended in long feet very much like those of a modern pinniped. The legs were certainly both functional both on land and at sea.

9.WhydoestheauthorusethewordluckilyinmentioningthattheAmbulocetusnatansfossilsincludedhindlegs?

○Fossillegsofearlywhalesareararefind.

○Thelegsprovidedimportantinformationabouttheevolutionofcetaceans.

○Thediscoveryallowedscientiststoreconstructapleteskeletonofthewhale.

○Untilthattime,onlythefrontlegsofearlywhaleshadbeendiscovered.

分析：此題即考查態(tài)度類詞luckily所表達的含義。結合原文內(nèi)容中的“agoodproportionofthehindlegs”以及“Thelegswerestrongandendedinlongfeetverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainlybothfunctionalbothonlandandatsea”,說明作者用luckily一詞是為了表達對fossil包含了較好比例的后腿的欣喜，而此后腿又提供了很多信息，因此我們可以確定答案即為第二個選項。