雅思寫(xiě)作中如何正確應(yīng)用定語(yǔ)從句

朗閣海外考試研究中心

雅思寫(xiě)作影響高分的關(guān)鍵因素，就是定話從句在寫(xiě)作中的應(yīng)用。好多考生經(jīng)常練習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句，卻不知道怎么有效的備考。

定語(yǔ)從句是中國(guó)考生在雅思寫(xiě)作中用得最多的一種從句，也是最純熟的從句，但是為什么寫(xiě)了大量定語(yǔ)從句的中國(guó)考生雅思寫(xiě)作成績(jī)平均分一直保持在5.5分以下呢，到底是從句寫(xiě)得不恰當(dāng)使用錯(cuò)誤，還是因?yàn)橛玫锰喽謹(jǐn)?shù)不高？本文中，朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家將帶領(lǐng)各位考生分析這其中的原因。

一、用法不當(dāng)

很多中國(guó)考生認(rèn)為因?yàn)閣hich使用次數(shù)更少，所以在定語(yǔ)從句中which會(huì)比that使用分?jǐn)?shù)更高，這其實(shí)是一個(gè)誤區(qū)，因?yàn)閣hich不能取代that在所有的定語(yǔ)從句中的使用。

A可共用的地方——指代一般物

例如：

Theamountoftherubbishthatweproduceisincreasingatanalarmingrate.

在這句話中，that就可以用which取代，而且建議考生當(dāng)that和which在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的情況下能省略就省略。

再如：

Theproblemthathasbeenunderdebateforseveraldecadesisthatthebasicfacilitiesandinfrastructureareunlikelytosatisfytheneedsofmoretourists.

B不能共用的地方——只能用which，不能用that

例如：

Studentslivingintheirownhomeswouldliveamorefortablelifeandhavemoreopportunitiestomunicatewiththeirparents,whichhasabeneficialimpactonthedevelopmentoftheirpersonalcharacter.

再如：

Television,themostpervasivemeansofentertainmentfortheaveragepublic,isadvancingtowardsanentirelynewera,aneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatility,whichislikelytoreshapetheworld.

在這兩句話中，which都是不可以用that取代的，因?yàn)閣hich在文章中指代的是前面的整句話，所以which后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用的也是單三形式。當(dāng)which在從句里面用來(lái)表示前面整句話造成的影響時(shí)，which前面要用逗號(hào)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

C只能使用that，不能使用which的地方

1.當(dāng)先行詞為all、little、much、few、everything、none等不定代詞時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that而不用which。

Manypeopleholdtheviewthattheycandonothingtoprotectthefragileenvironment,andeverythingthatdoeshavegoodimpactsontheenvironmentcanonlybeimplementedwiththepoliticalwill.

Therewouldbefewthatcouldpursueacareerwithoutfuture.

2.當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that，不用which。

Thereareagreatnumberofignorantpeopleandlargepaniesthatsacrificetheenvironmenttogetthemaximumprofits.

Themostimportantthingisconcernedwiththereactionofworkersandfactoriesthatdonotagreewiththisnewscheme.

3.當(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that，而不用which。

Manypeoplehaveextraordinarywillingnesstobombardtheirbrainswithnewexperiences,whileothersavoidthelatestthingsthattheythinkwouldmakethemhavethefeelingoffear.

4.當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that，不用which。

ThefirstsightthatwascaughtattheGreatWallhasmadealastingimpressiononhim.

Thefirstimpressionthatyouleavetotheintervieweristhemostimportantthingthatdetermineswhetheryouareadmittedbythepany.

5.當(dāng)先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,theright等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that，不用which。

Travellingexposesthestudentstoavarietyofculturesandnaturalbeautybythemselves,theveryexperiencethatschooleducationcannotprovidetothem.

Thisistheveryhotelthatwelivedlastyear.

6.當(dāng)先行詞被all,every,any,much,little,few,no等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that，不用which。

Muchoftheblamethatneedstobetakenshouldbeplacedontouriststhemselves,whofoolishlyclamberedalloverthereveredBuddhastatues.

Everychildthathasauditorydeficitwouldhavedifficultyinlearningtoreachthemaximumpotential.

7.當(dāng)主句是以which開(kāi)頭的特殊問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞一般用that而不用which.

Whichofthebooksthathadpictureswasworthreading?

Manypeoplewonderwhichoftheproblemsthattheyarefacingisthemostpressingoneandshouldberesearchedandsolvedimmediately.

8.指代人時(shí)，只可以使用that以及who，而不可以使用which。

Inmyopinion,thereareplentyofopportunitiesforeveryoneinoursociety,butonlythosethatareadequatelypreparedandhighlyqualifiedcanmakefulluseofthem.

that不可以用which取代，因?yàn)閠hat前面的先行詞是人，所以只能用that或者who來(lái)引導(dǎo)。

9.在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型“Itis...that...”中，只用that，不用which。

Itisthelackoffinancialincentivethatisresponsiblefortheshortageoftalentsintheathleticfield.

Itistalentthatdetermineswhetherapersoncansucceedinanyfield,particularlyintheartisticandmathematicfield.

二、缺乏將定語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換成高分的方法

定語(yǔ)從句高分的用法——將定語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，修飾前面的先行詞

1.

例如：Thosepeoplewhostronglysupportcapitalpunishmenthavethefollowingreasons.

改成：Thosepeoplestronglysupportingcapitalpunishmenthavethefollowingreasons.

再如：Thosestudentswhostudyinaforeigncountryseemtobemoreself-confident,independentandwell-informed.

改成：Thosestudentsstudyinginaforeigncountryseemtobemoreself-confident,independentandwell-informed.

將從句中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞who去掉，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成了ing形式

2.

例如：Thebuildingsthatwereknockeddownseveralyearsagoarewithneitherfinancialnoraestheticvalues.

改成Thebuildingsknockeddownseveralyearsagoarewithneitherfinancialnoraestheticvalues.

Foodsthatareexportedfromaforeignmarketaremoreexpensivethanthelocalproductsofthesamekind.

改成Foodsexportedfromaforeignmarketaremoreexpensivethanthelocalproductsofthesamekind.

從句中的that照樣去掉，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變成了過(guò)去分詞。

3

例如：Theforestandbushthathavebeenclearedforagriculturearenowsufferingfromsoilerosion.

改成Theforestandbushhavingbeenclearedforagriculturearenowsufferingfromsoilerosion.

從句中的that去掉，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)的have變成having，這與主被動(dòng)沒(méi)有關(guān)系。

總之，想要在雅思寫(xiě)作中拿到高分，一定要將定語(yǔ)從句寫(xiě)對(duì)并且要寫(xiě)好，而定語(yǔ)從句高分的用法就是將定語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)換成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，作為后置定語(yǔ)修飾先行詞。