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位置: 獵學(xué)網(wǎng) > 學(xué)校機(jī)構(gòu) > 北京朗閣雅思培訓(xùn)學(xué)校 > 學(xué)習(xí)資訊> 新托福綜合寫作的順序探討

新托福綜合寫作的順序探討

138 2017-05-25

在新托福的綜合寫作中,我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到一個(gè)簡單但又糾結(jié)的問題,那就是寫作時(shí)到底是從閱讀的觀點(diǎn)講起還是從講座的觀點(diǎn)講起。在OG和TPO范文中,我們也不難發(fā)現(xiàn)范文的寫作順序都不是“固定”的,或者有些甚至采用“統(tǒng)一”的順序,即要么每段都從閱讀講起,要么每段都從講座觀點(diǎn)開始。

在從事新托福寫作教學(xué)多年后,筆者逐漸對(duì)此規(guī)律有了一定的認(rèn)識(shí),也從本質(zhì)上理解了采用任意一種順序其實(shí)是有其固定原因的,接下來和考生們作一探討:

一、綜合寫作的引言段

例一:

IntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemployeeswanttoworkafour-dayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Amandatorypolicyrequiringpaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpaywouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualpaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.

講座首段

Offeringemployeestheoptionsofafour-dayworkweekwon’taffectthepanyprofits,economicconditionsorthelivesofemployeesinthewaysthereadingsuggests.

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在寫引言段的時(shí)候我們必須搞清楚閱讀和講座的關(guān)系。一般在三分鐘的閱讀時(shí)間里,我們必須將閱讀的主要觀點(diǎn)和分論點(diǎn)都寫下來,然后在聽講座的時(shí)候注意各個(gè)論點(diǎn)的關(guān)系。正常情況下,閱讀和講座的觀點(diǎn)要么是“相反”的,要么是“不一致”的。而在上面這2段首段中,閱讀和講座的關(guān)系顯然是屬于“相反”,即閱讀認(rèn)為四天工作好,講座覺得四天工作不好。在這種情況下,筆者推薦考生先寫講座的觀點(diǎn),再寫其與閱讀觀點(diǎn)的關(guān)系,如:

Thelecturer’smainpointisthathiringanoutsidertofillamanagerialpositioninapanymayhavesomenegativeimpacts.Thisdoesnotagreewiththereadingpassage,whichsuggeststhatsuchapolicyisbeneficialtoapany.

這樣的寫作安排的好處就在于我們可以比較準(zhǔn)確地使用動(dòng)詞“contradict”,“refute”,“disagree”等來直接表明講座和閱讀的關(guān)系;設(shè)想若在這里我們將閱讀和講座的觀點(diǎn)先后并列地講出來,起到的效果就不如之前這樣的排列了,比如:

Inthereadingpassage,theauthorbelievesthatafour-dayworkweekwillbenefitnotonlythepanybutalsotheindividualsaswell.However,theprofessorinthelecturearguesthatthispolicyisnotasgoodaswhatthereadingsays.

因此,關(guān)鍵在于表達(dá)的效果上,前者語氣比較強(qiáng),更能符合教授在講座中的口吻,而后者盡管也是正確的寫法,但是就欠缺了這樣的表達(dá)效果。

另一方面,若兩篇文章的觀點(diǎn)是“不一致”的,這個(gè)時(shí)候,先寫閱讀反而可以起到更好的效果。所謂“不一致”,也就是說兩篇文章的觀點(diǎn)是各自對(duì)立的,但又不是相反的關(guān)系,如TPO中有一篇講美國的選舉計(jì)票方式的文章,閱讀認(rèn)為電腦計(jì)票好,講座則認(rèn)為人工計(jì)票好。電腦和人工本身不屬于相反的關(guān)系,因此兩篇文章的觀點(diǎn)就成為了“不一致”。寫的時(shí)候就要注意先從閱讀講起比較好:

Inthereadingpassage,theauthorputsforwardatheorythataputerizedvotingsystemisfarmorebeneficialthanthetraditionalvoting.Bycontrast,theprofessorinthelecturebelievesthatcountingthevotesbymenismorereliable.

在這種順序下,若我們將上面例子中講座的措辭稍微作一改變,又可以靈活適用于其他文章了,如:Theprofessorcountersthisbyassertingthat...

二、綜合寫作的主體段

從主體段來講,寫作順序就相應(yīng)比引言段要靈活很多了,不過我們還是可以遵循一定的寫作規(guī)律:

1.若講座信息記錄不夠完整,建議先從閱讀分論點(diǎn)說起。

2.若講座中的論據(jù)以舉例為主,則先寫講座分論點(diǎn)。

3.若閱讀分論點(diǎn)無法有效進(jìn)行近義轉(zhuǎn)換,則先寫講座的觀點(diǎn)。

以上三個(gè)條件是根據(jù)學(xué)生在實(shí)際聽寫講座信息并提交完整作文的情況下總結(jié)出的寫作規(guī)則。盡管本質(zhì)上先寫講座或者是先寫閱讀觀點(diǎn)對(duì)于最后的得分是沒有直接關(guān)系的,但是合理安排順序?qū)τ诶眄樜恼碌倪壿嬯P(guān)系是非常重要的,比如前面提到的“四天工作制”的文章。

Four-day week are beneficial

 

company: Increase profits

more rested and fewer errors

at no additional cost

Spend more on training and medical benefits

More office space, computers

country, lower unemployment

No additional job, current job unpleasant

Ask 4-day employee to work overtime

Expect 4-day employee to finish 5 day’s work

Individual: more time

decrease job stability

first to lose job

less chance of job advancement

prefer 5 day employee as managers

我們可以先瀏覽一下兩篇文章各自的分論點(diǎn),不難發(fā)現(xiàn)第一段的講座中舉了很多例子,在這樣的情況下,這段最好先從講座的觀點(diǎn)寫起:

First,accordingtothelecture,thefour-dayworkweekwillforcethepaniestospendalotmoreputtingmuchmoreintoprovidingtrainingandmedicalbenefitsfortheirnewstaff.Thehealthbenefitsandsomeothercostswillmaintainthesameleveleventhoughtheworkdayisreducedtofourdaysaweek.Hiringmorestaffalsorequiresextraofficespaceandputers,whichwillquicklycutintopanyprofits.Thereadingpassage,bycontrast,arguesthatpanieswillbenefitbecausetheemployeeswillbemoreefficientandlesstendtomakemistakes.

而第二個(gè)和第三個(gè)主體段里,講座中并無出現(xiàn)太多例子,而主要是通過因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行論證的。所以在這種情況下,我們一般可以選擇先從閱讀的分論點(diǎn)說起,然后再去討論講座的論點(diǎn),但是要以講座的內(nèi)容為主,閱讀只需要提到分論點(diǎn),并且進(jìn)行有效近義詞轉(zhuǎn)換即可:

Thesecondpointofdifferenceisregardingtheincreaseofjobvacancy.Thereadingsaysthatanewemployeecoulddothe80%workleftbyevery4four-dayworkweekemployee.However,thelecturerthoughtthepaniesmayasktheiremployeestoworkovertimetodothesameamountofworktheyusedtodoin5daysinsteadofhiringmorestaff.Sothere'llbenoadditionaljobforpeopleandthecurrentjobwillbeunpleasant.

Finally,thereadingpassagecontendsthattheemployees'lifewouldbefortableandfreeinthattheycanenjoythemselveswiththeirfriendsandfamilies.Thelecture,however,givestheoppositeviewthatthefour-dayworkweekwilldecreasetheemployees'jobabilityandharmtheirchancesforadvancingtheircareer,forthepaniesprefersomeconsistentpersontotakethemanagerialpositions.

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