南寧新托福培訓(xùn)之朗閣培訓(xùn)中心
90 2017-07-28
南寧朗閣新托福提高分?jǐn)?shù)之長(zhǎng)句
南寧朗閣名師指出,大部分國(guó)內(nèi)考生對(duì)長(zhǎng)句,尤其是托福長(zhǎng)句來(lái)說(shuō)經(jīng)常摸不著頭腦。南寧朗閣名師提醒廣大考生,要想在托??荚囍械玫礁叻郑欢ㄒ莆諏?duì)長(zhǎng)句的理解。
SeatleUniversity的EliHinkel寫(xiě)過(guò)這樣一篇文章,SimplicityWithoutElegance:FeaturesofSentencesinL1andL2AcademicTexts,這篇文章用數(shù)據(jù)分析了L1(firstlanguage)和L2(secondlanguage)使用者(基于ESL學(xué)生)在學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作時(shí)的特點(diǎn),以下是其中的一個(gè)例子和數(shù)據(jù):
Children’sopinionsarealwaysacontroversialtopic.Childrenareimportanttotheirparents,andsomebelievethatolderchildrenarematureenoughtoflourishtheiropinionswithoutparents’interference.Somearguethatchildrenareincapableofdistinguishingrightfromwrong,andthereforeitistheresponsibilityforparentstoconstructtheirchildren’sopinions.Thetwobeliefsarecontradictorytoeachother,andmanyparentsareanxiousaboutthisdilemma.(ExcerptedfromanativeChinesespeaker)
從以上中國(guó)學(xué)生寫(xiě)的段落和數(shù)據(jù)分析不難看出亞洲學(xué)生在學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作時(shí)對(duì)于簡(jiǎn)單句的使用是大于nativeEnglishspeakers的,換言之亞洲學(xué)生對(duì)于簡(jiǎn)單句的把握是沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的。有趣的是,如果讓一個(gè)處于intermidiatelevel的亞洲學(xué)生從一句托福閱讀長(zhǎng)句中抽出最一般的簡(jiǎn)單句時(shí),結(jié)果卻是令人失望的。所以許多學(xué)生讀不懂長(zhǎng)句,寫(xiě)不好長(zhǎng)句的現(xiàn)象是很普遍的。
那么到底怎樣才能基于文章理解長(zhǎng)句呢?筆者的態(tài)度是SimplicityWithoutElegance,去尋求長(zhǎng)句的simplicity,簡(jiǎn)而言之就是把握basicunit,何為basicunit?無(wú)非就是組成長(zhǎng)句的單詞和基本句型。就像你有了簡(jiǎn)單的代數(shù)、幾何的基礎(chǔ),才能去學(xué)習(xí)線(xiàn)性代數(shù)、立體幾何;明白了基本的投資學(xué),才能夠涉及衍生金融??墒呛芏嗤瑢W(xué)又會(huì)說(shuō),我的詞匯量不錯(cuò),簡(jiǎn)單句掌握得也不錯(cuò),但是依然理解不了長(zhǎng)句,那到底是什么環(huán)節(jié)出了問(wèn)題?
一、基本策略
在分析如何看懂長(zhǎng)句之前,先請(qǐng)讀者看下面一段話(huà):
SocratesbeginsbyaskingGlaucontoimagineacaveinhabitedbyprisonerswhohavebeenimprisonedsincechildhood.Theseprisonersarechainedinsuchawaythattheirlegsandnecksarefixed,forcingthemtogazeatthewallinfrontofthem.Behindtheprisonersisafire,andbetweenthefireandtheprisonersisaraisedwalkway.Alongthiswalkwayisalowwall,behindwhichpeoplewalkcarryingobjects‘...includingfiguresofmenandanimalsmadeofwood,stoneandothermaterials.’Inthisway,thewalkingpeopleareparedtopuppeteersandthelowwalltothescreenoverwhichpuppeteersdisplaytheirpuppets.Thepeoplewalkingarebehindthewallonthewalkway,sotheirbodiesdonotcastshadowsonthewall,buttheobjectstheycarrydo.Theprisonerscannotseeanyofthisbehindthem,andareonlyabletoviewtheshadowscastuponthewallinfrontofthem.Thesoundsofthepeoplewalkingechoofftheshadowedwall,theprisonersfalselyperceivethesesoundstobethatoftheshadows.Socratessuggeststhat,fortheprisoners,theshadowsofartifactswouldconstitutereality,becausetheyhavenotseenthelight.Theywouldnotrealizethatwhattheyseeareshadowsoftheartifacts,whichareinspiredbyrealhumansandanimalsoutsideofthecave.
喜歡哲學(xué)的同學(xué)看到這段話(huà)應(yīng)該就知道講的是Plato的囚徒困境,簡(jiǎn)而言之就是從小就被囚禁的囚犯只能看見(jiàn)他所面對(duì)的墻以及墻上所展現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的事物的影子,然后把墻上的影子理解成他意識(shí)中的“現(xiàn)實(shí)”。這里我們不從哲學(xué)角度分析,而從閱讀理解的角度來(lái)看這段話(huà),一眼看上去其實(shí)不難,大部分是細(xì)節(jié)性的描述。那我們應(yīng)該怎么讀詞、句子以及段落去smooth整段對(duì)話(huà),使之變得更加易懂以節(jié)約閱讀的時(shí)間成本呢?這段話(huà)里的主題詞應(yīng)該歸結(jié)于law,如prisoner,imprison,chain,puppeteer(從puppy聯(lián)想,小狗很容易被操縱,到puppetize操縱,再轉(zhuǎn)到puppeteer操縱木偶的人),其他一些細(xì)節(jié)性描述的詞主要是對(duì)人的行為的描述,比較簡(jiǎn)單,這樣我們其實(shí)就確定了單詞的基本話(huà)題范疇。下面進(jìn)行句子的解剖。
1.Socrates(蘇格拉底)askGlauconaboutPrisoners.
2.Prisonerscannotseeanyofthisbehindthem,andareonlyabletoviewtheshadows.
3.Socratessuggeststhatshadowsofartifactswouldconstitutereality.
如果你在掃讀文章時(shí),潛意識(shí)地在腦中自動(dòng)給這三句話(huà)加下劃線(xiàn),那么很快你就能知道這段話(huà)要傳遞的內(nèi)容。我們暫且不從哲學(xué)角度去探討whatonearthisreality,在托福學(xué)習(xí)中,同學(xué)們?nèi)绻患皶r(shí)轉(zhuǎn)身,自然會(huì)落入囚徒困境,你看到的只會(huì)是句子、段落和文章的shadow。而如果你跳出困境,去抽象化的理解文章,getthatsimplicity,那你就會(huì)知道什么是句子、段落和文章的reality.
下面我們轉(zhuǎn)到具體的三個(gè)例子來(lái)進(jìn)一步闡述閱讀長(zhǎng)句的基本策略:
1.Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintotheneenthcentury,includingtheintroductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,theperfectionofametalframeandsteelwireofthefinestquality,finallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoniestoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliquid,singingtonetoasharp,percussivebrilliance.
WordsTopic:Engineer(mechanical;soften;metal;finest;instrument)
Reality:這段話(huà)我們需要把握的是mechanicalimprovementscontinuingwellintotheneenthcenturyandfinallyproducedanawesomeinstrument.筆者不排斥對(duì)于語(yǔ)法錙銖必較的方法,但是筆者認(rèn)為Soulofreadingishittingthatinstinct!就像BerkleeCollege訓(xùn)練出來(lái)的學(xué)生演唱soul未必會(huì)比一個(gè)不受訓(xùn)練的soulsinger好,原因就在于Theformercannotgetthatsoul!
2.Infact,throughouttheanimalkingdom,fromspongestocertaintypesofworms,shellfish,andallvertebrates(creaturespossessingaspinalcolumn),thereisevidencethattransplantsofcellsorfragmentsoftissuesintoananimalareacceptedonlyiftheyefromgicallypatibleorcloselyrelatedindividuals.
WordsTopic:Biology(shellfish;spinal;cell)
Reality:transplantsofcellsorfragmentsoftissuesintoananimalareacceptedonlyiftheyefromgicallypatibleorcloselyrelatedindividuals.
3.AfewartcollectorsTamesBowdoinIIIofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginia,andtheAliensandHamiltonsofPhiladelphiaintroducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonistsprivilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringartists,andestablishedintheirrespectivemunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutionsdevotedtoitsencouragement.
WordsTopic:Art;History(collectors;colonists;privileged;gallery)
Reality:AfewartcollectorsintroducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonistsandestablished...
二、關(guān)于基本要素
lLexicalResource
KeithS.Folse在他的MythaboutTeachingandLearningSecondLanguageVocabulary:WhatRecentResearchSays(2004)中指出Myth1:VocabularyisNotasimportantinlearningaforeignLanguageasgrammarorotherareas.Comprehensibleinputhelpslearnersfigureouthowalanguageworks.Ifthelanguagethatalearnerishearingorreadinghasmanyunknownwords,thenthatlanguageisnotprehensibleandthereforecannotbeinput.Inotherwords,withoutvocabulary,prehensibleinputisneitherprehensiblenorinput.
那么對(duì)于各種語(yǔ)言考試,詞匯量的upperbound和lowerbound是多少?多少詞匯量可以達(dá)到ETS的要求?怎樣一個(gè)程度可以達(dá)到Keith所說(shuō)祊rehensibleinput呢?
Keith在文章中指出他曾經(jīng)在日本想要買(mǎi)面粉,他知道在日語(yǔ)中怎么說(shuō)Excuseme,whereisthe______這樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu),但是他不知道flour這個(gè)詞用日語(yǔ)怎么說(shuō),要命的是That’sthekeyword!他甚至用英語(yǔ)說(shuō)了pre-bread這個(gè)單詞,最后依然是徒勞。所以一味地講structure有可能讓我們忽略了語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的本質(zhì)。
另外,還有一些同學(xué)認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)復(fù)雜詞匯是沒(méi)有用的。這樣的觀(guān)點(diǎn)有失偏頗,關(guān)于是否需要學(xué)習(xí)高級(jí)詞匯,應(yīng)該根據(jù)學(xué)生本身的英語(yǔ)水平而定。所以對(duì)于有基礎(chǔ)的同學(xué),應(yīng)該去涉及高級(jí)詞匯,甚至是其所學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)的專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯。因?yàn)楹芏鄬W(xué)生即使掌握了主題詞以及句子結(jié)構(gòu),在讀長(zhǎng)句或者段落時(shí)依然覺(jué)得很吃力也很困擾,讀起來(lái)不夠fluent。對(duì)于一些追求細(xì)節(jié)和完美的考生而言,甚至希望可以把每個(gè)詞都讀懂!詞匯是無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的,考生不可能掌握所有的單詞,所以在讀句子的時(shí)候應(yīng)該結(jié)合猜詞技巧,這里不再做進(jìn)一步闡述。要說(shuō)明的是并不是每次猜測(cè)都會(huì)給你正確的引導(dǎo),文章有可能利用你想要猜詞的動(dòng)機(jī)引導(dǎo)你去錯(cuò)誤的方向,那么你就可能無(wú)法正確地得出單詞的reality!
lSentenceStructure
上文中提到對(duì)于sentence要有一種直覺(jué),但是這種直覺(jué)實(shí)際上是基于最基本的語(yǔ)法技能的,至少你應(yīng)該了解到基本的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有哪些:
主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)
Therebe句型
這些都是非常基本的結(jié)構(gòu),很多初級(jí)課程都會(huì)涉及這些基本語(yǔ)法的教學(xué)。問(wèn)題是很多學(xué)生知道這些結(jié)構(gòu)也會(huì)寫(xiě)這些結(jié)構(gòu),但是一碰到長(zhǎng)句,又變成了甕中之鱉。那到底什么環(huán)節(jié)出了問(wèn)題?很多時(shí)候我們需要整合,這不是獨(dú)立的技巧或結(jié)構(gòu)。有人會(huì)說(shuō),I’mgoodatwordsandsentencestructure,butnotlongsentences。擅長(zhǎng)單詞和句型并不意味著擅長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)句,就像你擁有汽車(chē)的前輪和后輪,但是不組裝依然不能讓車(chē)子跑起來(lái)。所以長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的語(yǔ)感練習(xí)也是必要的!
三、總結(jié)
KLDRstrategy:
Knowmorewords
Learnsentencestructure
Domorepractice
Readeveryday
結(jié)論是我們又回到了原先的基本策略:使用你已有的知識(shí),找到最小的語(yǔ)言單位,尋找到長(zhǎng)難句的reality。用每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)累積組裝,最后達(dá)到效用最大化!
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