朗閣海外考試研究中心

雅思閱讀考試中，要求考生的不只是上千上萬的詞匯量，同時還有速度。如何能夠在1個小時內，高效率的完成40個問題，就得需要考生們對問題答案所在位置的快速精準定位。本文中，朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家將以劍橋雅思4中的幾篇文章為例，給考生們講解快速定位法。

段落定位要求考生在拿到一篇文章后，首先要對文章進行略讀，讀文章標題，每個段落的首尾句，掌握文章的大意，了解每段在講什么，有助于下一步看問題的時候可以先確定這個問題的段落位置。

詞匯定位要求考生在對文章略讀后，看問題，并劃出定位詞。定位詞在之前《雅思閱讀之定位》一文中已經討論過，主要是一些名詞。結合對每段意思的掌握，確定好問題的段落位置后，再通過劃出的問題中的定位詞在段落中定位答案的最后位置。

我們以劍橋4Test1Passage2進行演練：

1.略讀題目和段落

Title:Whatdowhalesfeel?

Anexaminationofthefunctioningofthesensesincetaceans,thegroupofmammalsprisingwhales,dolphinsandporpoises.

從對標題的閱讀中，我們可以了解到這篇文章要講的是鯨的感官，thesensesofwhales.在這里我們可以預測下感官有哪些，同時可以對下面文章的內容進行預測。

Paragraph1:

Someofthesensesthatweandotherterrestrialmammalstakeforgrantedareeitherreducedorabsentincetaceansforfailtofunctionwellinwater.Forexample,itappearsfromtheirbrainstructurethattoothedspeciesareunabletosmell.Baleenspecies,ontheotherhand,appeartohavesomerelatedbrainstructuresbutitisnotknownwhetherthesearefunctional.Ithasbeenspeculatedthat,astheblowholesevolvedandmigratedtothetopofthehead,theneuralpathwaysservingsenseofsmellmayhavebeennearlyallsacrificed.Similarly,althoughatleastsomecetaceanshavetastebuds,thenervesservingthesehavedegeneratedorarerudimentary.

從首句的主干中得出一些感官在退化，消失或者在水中已失去了功用。緊跟在這句話后面的是個forexample,說明后面再舉些這類型的感官。最后一句以similarly開頭，說明即使最后一句也是一個例子，然后是個名詞tastebuds,說到了味覺，用了degenerated,rudimentary描述這個味覺，rudimentary大多數(shù)考生不認識，但degenerated可以根據構詞法推出是退化。

Paragraph2:

Thesenseoftouchhassometimesbeendescribedasweaktoo,butthisviewisprobablymistaken.Trainersofcaptivedolphinsandsmallwhalesoftenremarkontheiranimals’responsivenesstobeingtouchedorrubbed,andbothcaptiveandfree-rangingcetaceanindividualsofallspecies(particularlyadultsandcalves,ormembersofthesamesubgroup)appeartomakefrequentcontact.Thiscontactmayhelptomaintainorderwithinagroup,andstrokingortouchingarepartofthecourtshipritualinmostspecies.Theareaaroundtheblowholeisalsoparticularlysensitiveandcaptiveanimalsoftenobjectstronglytobeingtouchedthere.

首句一看就知道這段是講觸覺，touch,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)有個but轉折，在轉折前說觸覺有時被描述為很弱的，轉折后說這是錯誤的，表明這段后面要具體證明這一觀點。最后一句也是在具體講解觸覺這個感官。

Paragraph3:

Thesenseofvisionisdevelopedtodifferentdegreesindifferentspecies.Baleenspeciesstudiedatclosequartersunderwater-specificallyagreywhalecalfincaptivityforayear,andfree-rangingrightwhalesandhumpbackwhalesstudiedandfilmedoffArgentinaandHawaii-haveobviouslytrackedobjectswithvisionunderwater,andtheycanapparentlyseemoderatelywellbothinwaterandinair.However,thepositionoftheeyessorestrictsandfieldofvisioninbaleenwhalesthattheyprobablydonothavestereoscopicvision.

讀首句就可看出這段講的是視覺。最后一句提到了baleenwhales的眼睛位置限制了它們的視覺域，theyprobablydonothavestereoscopicvision.

Paragraph4:

Ontheotherhand,thepositionoftheeyesinmostdolphinsandporpoisessuggeststhattheyhavestereoscopicvisionforwardanddownward.Eyepositioninfreshwaterdolphins,whichoftenswimontheirsideorupsidedownwhilefeeding,suggeststhatwhatvisiontheyhaveisstereoscopicforwardandupward.Byparison,thebottlenosedolphinhasextremelykeenvisioninwater.Judgingfromthewayitwatchesandtracksairborneflyingfish,itcanapparentlyseefairlywellthroughtheair-waterinterfaceaswell.Andalthoughpreliminaryexperimentalevidencesuggeststhattheirin-airvisionispoor,theaccuracywithwhichdolphinsleaphightotakesmallfishoutofatrainer’shandprovidesanecdotalevidencetothecontrary.

首句有ontheotherhand表轉折，說明要和上段有聯(lián)系，接著往后看又說到了眼睛的位置，這次說的是mostdolphinsandporpoises,theyarenotlikethebaleenwhales,theyhavestereoscopicvisionforwardanddownward.

Paragraph5:

Suchvariationcannodoubtbeexplainedwithreferencetothehabitatsinwhichindividualspecieshavedeveloped.Forexample,visionisobviouslymoreusefultospeciesinhabitingclearopenwatersthantothoselivinginturbidriversandfloodedplains.TheSouthAmericanboutuandChinesebeiji,forinstance,appeartohaveverylimitedvision,andtheIndiansususareblind,theireyesreducedtoslitsthatprobablyallowthemtosenseonlythedirectionandintensityoflight.

首句一讀的話會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個重要的詞匯habitats.在這句之后又有了forexample,同時看到了vision,說明這段講vision和habitats的關系。

Paragraph6:

Althoughthesensesoftasteandsmellappeartohavedeteriorated,andvisioninwaterappearstobeuncertain,suchweaknessesaremorethanpensatedforbycetaceans’well-developedacousticsense.Mostspeciesarehighlyvocal,althoughtheyvaryintherangeofsoundstheyproduce,andmanyforageforfoodusingecholocation.Largebaleenwhalesprimarilyusethelowerfrequenciesandareoftenlimitedintheirrepertoire.Notableexceptionsarethenearlysong-likechorusesofbowheadwhalesinsummerandtheplex,hauntingutterancesofthehumpbackwhales.Toothedspeciesingeneralemploymoreofthefrequencyspectrum,andproduceawidervarietyofsounds,thanbaleenspecies(thoughthespermwhaleapparentlyproducesamonotonousseriesofhigh-energyclicksandlittleelse).Someofthemoreplicatedsoundsareclearlymunicative,althoughwhatroletheymayplayinthesociallifeand‘culture’ofcetaceanshasbeenmorethesubjectofwildspeculationthanofsolidscience.

首句是although引導的讓步狀語，講到taste,smellandvision都變弱了，但卻被acousticsense所彌補了。關鍵還得了解acoustic的意思，這個詞的意思可以通過考生自己對感官的常識，聯(lián)系前面已經談到的感官進行排除猜測得出聽覺。

2.問題中劃關鍵詞

對文章的大意和每個段落的大意了解后，接著看問題，Questions15-21.

這是個表格，首先看到字數(shù)限制：不超過三個單詞。

然后看這個表格，有四列，分別是：sense,species,abilityandments.

看到sense,分為了smell,taste,touch,visionandhearing,正好對應了文章的幾個段落。Question15對應taste,是文章的第一段，然后通過劃出問題中的定位名詞nerves去第一段定位，找到最后一句，對其進行分析后發(fā)現(xiàn)問題中的underdeveloped和文章中的degenerated是同義的，因此這里填tastebuds.

Question16-19對應vision,文中第三，四，五段講解vision。然后Question16是species,預測是動物，劃出定位詞stereoscopicvision.Question17劃出定位詞dolphins,porpoises,stereoscopicvision,Question18同樣預測是填入動物類型的詞，定位詞stereoscopicvisionforwardandupward.Question19劃出定位詞bottlenosedolphin,air-waterinterface,去文章中的這三段定位，找答案。

Question20,21對應hearing,文中最后一段講解聽覺，這兩題先大致定位到最后兩段，Question20再通過定位詞mostlargebaleen,repertoirelimited定位，Question21通過song-like定位。

3.總結

本文主要是幫助考生們快速高效的找到問題的答案所在，首先對文章大意和各個段落大意有所了解，然后通過閱讀問題，確定問題所在的段落位置，接著劃出問題中的定位詞，通過定位詞確定答案在相應段落中的位置。同時，朗閣海外考試研究中心建議考生們可以用這種略讀的方法多閱讀些報刊雜志，比如：NewScientist,TheEconomist,NationalGeographic等。